Project Graduation PYP 6th Grade Portugal
Srimayi Oruganti
A warm welcome everyone present here. This is Srimayi Oruganti studying in grade 6 Section Portugal
Purpose of my Project
I have always been intrigued by the idea of presenting my learnings during the academic year 2020-2021 and wanted to explore it further. Taking on this task allowed me to conduct serious research and produce high-quality work. Moreover, while documenting the entire process, I learned a lot about various methodologies and presenting techniques. I’m thrilled about the result, and look forward to present you with my learnings and achievements during this academic year and take your valuable suggestions and feedback to work on my improvement areas.
Where we are in place and time
DESCRIPTOR: An inquiry into migrations of humankind.
CENTRAL IDEA: Human migration is a response to challenges, risks, and opportunities.
LINES OF INQUIRY
1. Reasons why people migrate.
2. Migration through ages.
3. Effects of migration.
KEY CONCEPTS: Causation, Perspective
RELATED CONCEPTS: Impact, opinion, Migration, Settlements
Line of Inquiry 1
Reasons for Migration
"Push-pull factors" are the reasons that push or attract people to a particular place. "Push" factors are the negative aspects of the country of origin, often decisive in people`s choice to emigrate and the "pull" factors are the positive aspects of a different country that encourages people to emigrate in search of a better life. Although the push-pull factors are apparently diametrically opposed, both are sides of the same coin
Line of Inquiry 2
Migration through ages
Homo sapiens evolved from their early hominid predecessors between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago.
Paleolithic age, all humans were hunter-gatherers.
Neolithic life denotes a lifestyle based mainly on agriculture.
From about 60,000 years ago, these four groups of
humans emigrated from Africa separately and in
their own time across the world, taking their small
genetic differences with them.
LINE OF INQUIRY 3
EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
Migration is a consequence of the uneven – distribution of opportunities over space. People: tend to move from a place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and; better safety. Results can be observed in
economic, social, cultural, political
demographic terms.
Where are we in Time and Place
UOI Theme 1
The knowledge I've gained was about effects of migration. I 've learnt about the opportunities risks and challenges of migration and also what are the push and pull factors of migration ( reasons of migration)
In my perspective the conceptual understanding is
1 why do people migrate
2 reasons people migrate
3. Effects of migration
Learner's Attributes :
thinker
inquirer
reflective
knowledgeable
Approach to Learning :
reflection, creative thinking and media literacy
Action plan
My action plan is to keep researching more and revising this topic and understand in a more comprehensive manner
How the World Works
UOI Theme 2
DESCRIPTOR: An inquiry into how humans use their understanding of scientific principles
Central Idea: Application of scientific principles lead to inventions and discoveries.
An Inquiry into:
Inventions and discoveries that changed the world.
Circumstances lead to the creation of important inventions.
How humans use natural laws for inventions.
Key Concepts: Causation, Change, Function
Related Concepts: Forces and energy, Inventions, Development
Transdisciplinary Focus: Science, Social Studies, Language.
Inventions and Discoveries
Line of Inquiry 1
Invention: An invention is creating or designing something totally new with one’s own ideas and
development. Examples:
● The invention of the telephone by Graham Bell
● The invention of the light-bulb by Thomas Alva Edison.
● The invention of the computer by Charles Babbage
Discovery: Discovery refers to the act of finding or exploring something which already existed but not
perceived before. Examples:
● Discovery of America by Columbus.
● Discovery of gravity by Isaac Newton.
● Discovery of plant cell by Robert Hooke.
ISAAC NETWON
Besides his work on universal gravitation (gravity), Newton developed the three laws of motion which form the basic principles of modern physics. His discovery of calculus led the way to more powerful methods of solving mathematical problems.
Circumstances lead to the creation of important inventions.
"NECESSITY IS THE CAUSE OF MANY INVENTIONS BUT THE BEST ONES ARE BORN OF DESIRE" - Marconi
In my Opinion, Where once people’s behavior was the only driving force for new technologies, we’re now witnessing technology itself create necessities and bring about societal changes.
How the world made so much progress on a Covid -19 vaccine so fast
Under normal circumstances, making a vaccine can take up to 10–15 years. This is because of the complexity of vaccine development.
However, amid a global pandemic, time was a luxury the world could not afford.
Researchers quickly mobilized to share their coronavirus data with other scientists.
Thanks to Advanced Technological developments in Healthcare and IT and funding from different Governments and Organizations across the Globe
We made COVID -19 Vaccine possible within a year and Creating a vaccine in under 1 year is no small feat.
LOI- 3
How humans used natural laws for inventions
Let us Spin
Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and could not be divided.
Basics about Atom:
Atoms are made of Electron, Proton, Neutron.
The total no. of electrons and protons is equal.
The total mass of an atom is virtually concentrated at the center called Nucleus.
Protons and Neutrons are present in the Nucleus.
The Periodic Table
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in accordance with their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. They are assorted in a tabular arrangement wherein a row is a period and a column is a group.
The Arrangement
Elements can be classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, or as a main-group elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Groups are numbered 1–18 from left to right. The elements in group 1 are known as the alkali metals; those in group 2 are the alkaline earth metals; those in 15 are the pnictogens; those in 16 are the chalcogens; those in 17 are the halogens; and those in 18 are the noble gases.
Learning Outcomes UOI 2
It is a whirlwind journey in this theme as we were taught many new concepts and were introduced to physics and chemistry basics and I thoroughly enjoyed learning about Atoms, Matter, Chemical elements, Periodic table, Lasers,
and Seismograph.
Now, I am confident in using scientific vocabulary to explain my observations and experience. Became Proficient in gathering data to understand scientific principles. Applying scientific models and applications of these models. Started Identifying what is a chemical compound for e.g Common Salt ( NaCl)
My ATLs in this Theme are Thinking, Self-Management, and Research and Learner profile attributes are Inquirer, Thinker, Reflective
Sharing The Planet
Descriptor: An inquiry into peace and conflict resolution.
Central Idea: Conflicts over resources can have a peaceful resolution.
An inquiry into: ➢· Reasons for conflicts. ( FORM ,CAUSATION) ➢· Competitive relationship in the environment.(CONNECTION) ➢· Finding peaceful solutions.( RESPONSIBILITY)
Key Concepts: Causation, Responsibility, Connection Transdisciplinary Focus: Social Studies, Science, PSPE & Language
Related Concepts: Peace, Conflict, Competition
UOI -3
Sharing the Planet
To investigate concepts such as connection, interdependence and balance
Sharing the Planet-An inquiry into rights and responsibilities in the struggle to share finite resources with other people and with other living things; communities and the relationships within and between them; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.
LOI -1 Reasons for conflicts
Conflict is natural and can be solved by the behavior of the people involved.
In this LOI we did tasks that are related to the conflict between Humans and the Conflict between Man vs Nature
In this unit, I've explored the different types of conflict that occur in our personal lives. I inquired into the causes of conflict and the different perspectives of those involved. Also looked at different ways to resolve conflict to live harmoniously.
LOI 2
Competitive relationship in the environment. (CONNECTION)
A competitive relationship in a biological community includes the plant and animal species within the ecosystem that compete over food, territories, and in producing the offsprings. Competition occurs in virtually every ecosystem in nature. This relationship develops when more than one organism in an environment has the same need for resources as another to survive. Competition often results in the survival of the fittest.
Cause & Effect
Extinction
What Did I learn?
I was surprised to know that around 4 billion years ago there lived a microbe called LUCA: the Last Universal Common Ancestor and in fact, all life seems to have originated with this just one type of cell.
Also, I've gained thorough knowledge about evaluation, extinction, Survival of the fittest, natural selection process.
Moreover, I've observed that as human beings we need to be more responsible and dutiful towards making this Planet a beautiful and sustainable place to live and let live.
Leaner Profiles Attributes:
-Caring
-Thinkers
-Principled
-Appreciation
-Commitment
Maths must be crazy !!
I am not a big fan of Mathematics but off late I started learning the subject with more concentration, thanks to my parents & teachers, they explained the significance of Mathematics in daily life and other major areas where we can't live without Mathematics.
The concepts
Number sense.
Numerical operations.
Measurement.
Geometry
Patterns and Functions
Estimation
Probability and Statistics
Discrete Mathematics
Algebra
Calculus
Measurement
An In Depth Explanation
Measurement: I've learned about what is measured, how is it measured, that there are some units for measurement and I can convert them from one form to the other. As a PYP learner, I've understood the form of Units of measurement and the function of using the units of measurement, and the change in units when converting from one unit to another unit. I've also learned about tools to measure.
Form: what is it like?
Function: How does it work?
Change: How is it changing.
How Centimeters, Meters, Kilometers are used to measure lengths and distances.
kilograms and grams are used to measure weight
Liters and milliliters are used to measure capacity.
Similarly, Temperature can be measured in °C ( Celsius) and ℉ ( Fahrenheit) & Time in seconds Minutes, hours A.M - P.M
I've keenly started observing the distance I am traveling, the weight of groceries, the temperature in weather reports, and of course the Clock for the breaks during online classes.
Probability and Statistics
Statistics is a big word for Data. Data means collecting information. when we use data to understand it in different ways, we know how the world works. Those different ways are probabilities. To understand the data we should organize it very well.
I've practiced presenting different forms of data in graphs and charts.
Developed multiple perspectives to understand data.
Learned to understand probability and statistics for all the practical purposes.
I came to know that the latest technologies like Artificial Intelligence ( AI) & Machine Learning ( ML) extensively use Probability and Statistics modeling to predict the results.
Algebra
I thought it’s a new thing that is bothering me in school, but I am wrong. It is believed that Ancient Egyptians used complex forms of math as algebra for equations to find the approximate area of circles. It dates back to 3000 BC.
It is a language of patterns and relationships through which a lot of mathematics can be communicated.
After learning Algebra, I started using it to make representations and generalizations.
It also provides methods, which are problem-solving tools.
"An equation is a mathematical sentence that has two equal sides separated by an equal sign for e.g 2x+3=5 and it can be solved.
By learning Algebra, now I can convert a given statement into an Algebraic equation and solve the given equation using a systematic approach.
"An expression is made up of numbers, letters, and operations but has no equal sign for e.g 5x-7 which represents a number which can only be simplified.
Science
What I like most about science is that it is never dull. There is always something new to explore. Sometimes scientists studying the same thing may argue, but being challenged like that is a good thing; that's how new discoveries are made.
Learning and using Science to solve global problems is the way forward. Experiments and Scientific models allow us to understand some of the more tricky concepts.
The Concepts
Big Ideas
We have 10 Big Ideas that are covered under 4 concepts
Materials and matter ( Big Idea 1)
Forces and Energy ( Big Idea 2,3 &4)
Living things ( Big Idea 7,8,9 & 10)
Earth and Space ( Big Idea 5 & 6)
Big Idea 1
Materials and matter
I 've started learning about The study of the properties, behaviors and uses of materials ,both natural and human-made; the origins of human-made materials and how they are manipulated to suit a purpose.
All matter in the universe is made up of small particles.
1.Atoms.2.Elements. 3.particles. 4.compounds.
In Atomic structure I've studied about
a. Electron
b. Proton
c. Neutron
d. Nucleus.
Coming to Study of matter we have discussed about
a. solids
b. Liquids
c. Gases
d. Evaporation-condensation
e. Sublimation-Deposition.
f. Melting-Solidification.
Big Idea 2 3 & 4
Forces and Energy:
The study of energy , its origins, storage and transfer, and the work it can do; the study of forces; the application of scientific understanding through invention and machines.
Big idea2: Objects can affect other objects at a distance.
I learnt about Gravity, Magnetism, Sound, and Light.
Big idea3: Changing the movement of an object requires a net force to be acting on it.
I learnt about Newton laws of motion.
Big idea4: The total amount of energy in the Universe is always the same but can be transferred from one energy store to another during an event.
I learnt about energy.
Types of energy:
kinetic energy. Electrical energy ,light, thermal. solar, sound, wind ,hydro.
Potential energy: chemical, mechanical, nuclear, gravitational.
Earth & Space
Big Idea 5
I 've learnt and gained knowledge on the study of planet Earth and its position in the Universe, particularly its relationships with the Sun. The natural phenomena and systems that shape the planet and the distinctive features that identify it. The infinite and finite recourses of the planet.
Also, studied the composition of the Earth and its atmosphere and the process occurring within the shape of the Earth's surface and its climate.
Let us discuss in detail
Geosphere : The geosphere is the earth itself: the rocks, minerals, and landforms of the surface and interior. Below the crust - which varies in depth from about 5 km beneath the ocean floor to up to 70 km below the land surface includes inner core.
Atmosphere : Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. It is made up of various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxides, dust particles and water vapor. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it.
Hydrosphere: A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.
Biosphere: The biosphere is a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (nonliving) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients.
Big Idea 6
Our solar system is a very small part of one of billions of galaxies in the Universe.
The Solar System is the Sun and all the objects that orbit around it. The Sun is orbited by planets, asteroids, comets and other things. The Solar System is about 4.6 billion years old. ... The other objects are pulled into orbit around the Sun.
What are my learnings from Big Idea 6
I 've gained knowledge on the Earth's rotation around the Sun and how seasonal changes in temperature happens. Also, I 've understood about Equinox , Solstices. Imaginary Lines of the Earth.
My home tasks on The Earth and Space
My Presentation on Mars Rover - The Perseverance
I am intrigued by the fascinating world of planets and stars, had a chance to give a presentation on Mars Rover - The Perseverance
Living Things
Big Idea -7
In this Big Idea, I have grasped knowledge about The study of the characteristics, systems, and behaviors of humans and other animals, and of plants; the interactions and relationships between and among them, and with their environment.
Organisms are organized on a cellular basis and have a finite life span.
Unicellular and multi cellular: Cell is the most important fabric that makes us living organisms live. There are some which are uni cellular - which means they have single cell which performs all life functions. And there are multucellular organisms which form into local systems and perform different functions.
Hierarchy Of Life
Hierarchy of Life
Levels of Biological Organization
Fundamental levels of Organisms
Big Ideas 8,9 & 10
A brief summary
Big Idea 8:
Organisms require a supply of energy and materials for which they are often dependent on or in competition with other organisms.
Survival of the fittest.
Intraspecific competition.
Plants also compete.
Evolutionary specification.
Big Idea 9:
Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another. Also, I gained the knowledge to understand the universe we live in.
genes, genetics, genetic mutation, DNA
Big Idea 10:
The diversity of organisms, living and extinct is the result of evolution.
Life: Evolution of extinction.
LUCA:
Evolution
Survival of the fittest
Evolution of humans
Major causes of extinction
The role of water in Earth's surface process.
Weather and climate.
Bio-geology
SOCIAL SCIENCES
It is important because its study helps us to gain knowledge of the society we live in. Generally, Social Science focuses on the relationships among individuals in society. It is a mixture of many subjects like History, Geography, Political Science, Economics, Sociology.
I've studied about :
1.Land Forms
2. Government
3.The Incredible History of India's Geography
Land Forms
I've acquired knowledge of different types of landforms. Also, I've learned the difference between landforms like Hill and Mountain, Plains & Plateau and, Island & Pennisula.
Moreover, I've gained insight into the Himalayan Range of Mountains and the rivers that originated from these ranges, and the names of these Mountains and the states where they are located.
Government
Government, the political system by which a country or community is administered and regulated.
1. Union Government
2. State Government
3. Local Government
4. Municipality Government
5. Panchayath or Village Government
Also, I've learned about the purpose of the Govenrment, parts of Government -Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary and their responsibilities.
Purpose of Government
Establish Laws
Maintain Order and Security
Protect from External Threats
Provide for the General Welfare
The Incredible History of India's Geography
1. Of Shakes and Quakes
2. Hello, Harrapans!!
3. Not just the King of the Jungle
4. We are Munni & Modern1
The Uttarapth and DaskshinapathHighways
Lord Rama's Journey.
I've enthusiastically studied the Uttarapth and Daskshinapath HIghways & Lord Rama's Journey. It was enchanting to read and feel about Lord Rama's Journey in search of Sita.
The Epic Mahabharatha
When the epic was originally composed, Vyasa, called it Bharata only, because it was a story of the kings and people of an ancient world who were descendants of King Bharata, who was the first king of the Indian subcontinent.
We further learn from it that the creation of the epic led to a debate among the gods about its importance in relation to the Vedas and which of them was greater. To settle the matter, the gods assembled in heaven and weighed the pros and cons of both. Eventually, they concluded that in knowledge and substance the epic weighed heavier than the four Vedas combined with all their secrets. From then on, the epic became known as the Mahabharata, rather than mere Bharata. It means gods declared that the Mahabharata was the greatest (maha) of all works known in the world of the Bharatas.
English
I do enjoy learning languages. I’m not tired of it. Whatever I have put into a language, however little I have achieved in the language, it’s still been a positive experience, a positive discovery.
English is my primary Language of Medium since my early school days. One of English’s best assets is its flexibility: you can often find many different ways to explain the same thing thanks to its wide range of vocabulary. Also, most of the other subjects I read and study are written and taught in English.
During this academic year in the English Language, I learned Parts of speech, Reading for comprehension, Letter writing, Story Writing, Descriptive writing- Culture to read, Culture conserve, Culture to Learn, Punctuation Marks.
The classes are interactive and I absolutely loved it and comprehended new vocabulary and started using it in my group discussions, tasks, assignments.
Also I 've actively participated in Speaker@SO on various topics
Also, I relished reading " The Merry adventures of Harshbardhan & Goverdhan, Out of my mind, Bill Bryson's "A really short history of nearly everything".
My home tasks in English
With my English language proficiency I became :
Inquirer.
Knowledgeable.
Thinker
Communicator.
Telugu
ఈ సంవత్సరం నేను తెలుగు భాషను నా 2 వ భాషగా తీసుకున్నాను. మొదట్లో నేను చాలా కష్టపడ్డాను. కానీ కొంచెం కష్టపడి నేను దానిని నేర్చుకోగలిగాను మరియు ఇప్పుడు నేను సరళంగా వ్రాయగలను, చదవగలను మరియు మాట్లాడగలను.
తెలుగు లో నేను భాషా భాగాలూ, క్రియా, సర్వనామము, నామవాచకం , విభక్తులు మొదలైనవి నేర్చుకున్నాను, రాజా వారి ఊరేంగింపు. మను మట్టి బొమ్మలు, ఆమేను బా అని పిలుస్తారు, వృక్షాల మధ్య విహారం కధలను చదివి వాటి లోని కొత్త పదాలు , భాషా భాగాలూ , సొంత వాక్యాలు వ్రాయడం నేర్చుకున్నాను.
ఇంకా పద్యాలూ, చిత్ర కధలు రాయడం, పఠనావాగాహన ,పరుషలు, నవరసాలు ,సామెతలు-జాతీయాలు ,చిత్ర వర్ణన , చిత్ర వివరణ ,పాత్రస్వభావం , వ్యాఖ్యానం , లేఖ వ్రాయడం లో ప్రావీణ్యం సంపాదించాను .
తెలుగు లో ఈ సంవత్సరం నేను ప్రావీణ్యం సంపాదించిన తరువాత
నేను :
1 . జిజ్న్యాసి
2 . వక్త
3 . అన్వేషి
అభ్యాస లక్షణాలను పొందాను
rendez-vous avec les français
French is relatively easy to learn but it does take some time and effort. As French is closely related to English, French belongs to the easiest group of languages to learn for English speakers. Having so much common vocabulary helps a lot!
I 've learned Alphabets ( Alphabets),Days of the week (Jours de la semaine),Colors ( Couleurs)
Numbers(Nombre), Self Introduction (Présentation de soi),Members of the family (Les membres de the family).
Avoir and Etre conjugation (Conjugaison Avoir et Atre),Forming sentences (Former des phrases),Reading (En lisant)
Pronounciation (La prononciation), Countries (Des pays), How to greet people (Comment saluer les gens)
How to be polite(Comment être poli?), Singular, Plural, Masculine , Famnine, Digalouges,
Fruits(Des fruits),Vegetables (Des Legumes), Desribing a person (Décrire une personne)
I express myself confidently and creatively in more than one language and in many ways. I collaborate effectively, listening carefully to the perspectives of other individuals and groups.”in more than one language and in many ways.
Socratic Dialogue
What are Socratic Dialogues?
The method of the Socratic dialogue is as rewarding as its goal. It involves group decision-making by consensus.
Every relevant question, doubt, insight, observation, or objection offered by a participant is considered by the group as a whole, until everyone is satisfied by the deliberation.
As a group, we discussed "Why Vote", "Independence, "COVID 2025" topics and arrived at a consensus with an elaborate discussion.
When we were within our group, the virtues of patience, tolerance, attentiveness, thoughtfulness, and civility were always followed Sacrosanct.
Vishakapatnam
As a part of the Tale of 3 cities project, we chose Vishakapatnam City, and we as a group developed a website and presented it to a group audience.
Project July
In Project July, I've worked on the below projects
World in Maps
Scince+
Maths Everywhere
Fibonacci Rabbit Problem
All these projects were added in the Super sixers gallery walk
Theatre In Education
Theatre in Education is a process that uses interactive theatre/drama practices to help aid the educational process.
As part of TIE we chose an episode "Harshbardhan Hunts a tiger" from our English Novel "The Merry Adventures of Harshbardhan and Goverdhan". I played the lead character "Harshbardhan" and our group won the Best group for this Project and I am really happy to say that I won the "Best Dialogue Delivery " Award for the role of "Harshbardhan".
My Accomplishments
During this academic year, I 'have actively participated in all the academic sessions and apart from this, I was actively involved in extracurricular activities. I performed a song on the occasion of Teachers day and enacted Sasi Rekha from the movie Mayabazaar. Also, I sang and performed a dance on Gender Discrimination in PYP exhibition
Thank you
This year has been a different experience due to the Covid-19 pandemic as we never got a chance to attend school in person and in spite of all these difficulties the school management and Principal Ma'am made sure that we are not missing school, by organizing Inspiring morning sessions, motivational speeches, and with regular updates.
My sincere thanks to all my teachers & Buddies and my heartfelt gratitude to Sarita Ma'am for guiding me throughout the academic year and it really helped me to perform in an excellent manner.
I am signing off from my presentation by paying homage to the Covid-19 frontline warriors who lost their precious lives in saving others. Finally, I am eagerly waiting to come back to school very soon.
Thank you all for your gracious presence and for spending your valuable time .
Srimayi Oruganti Grade 6 Portugal
Request you to provide your valuable feedback on my project
Let us Begin
We've started attending online classes for 7th Grade ( 2021 -2022) in the midst of a global pandemic. No doubt our lives are disrupted and stressed to the core. There was uncertainty all around.
Despite all these challenges, the school management, Faculty& administrative staff worked relentlessly to make sure, we attend our academic sessions without a hitch.
We’re like a beautiful scenic forest. When a forest burns down, it grows back stronger. Each one of us is a unique tree. I like to think of myself as an oak. We all need our own amount of time to heal and grow. We will leaf out can become a beautiful forest again in no time.
Not sure if I said that right (I came up with it on the spot), but I hope it made sense
We celebrate what got us here: classwork, homework, projects, rehearsals, concerts, debates, practices, meets, games, wins, losses, fundraisers, meetings, The pandemic did not erase our achievements but we are doing all the tasks differently through online platforms. Though I am here present & speak about the learnings and knowledge I've gained in this academic year, I'm going to be bringing up how all of these adversities have helped my class to build resilience. I strongly believe in the saying " There is always opportunity in Adversity."
PROJECT GRADUATION SRIMAYI ORUGANTI
7th GRADE KAMET
Mathematics
Key Concepts
Numerical operations
Commercial Mathematics
Algebraic Expression
Simple Linear Equation
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the sizes, shapes, positions angles, and dimensions of things. The word 'Geometry' is derived from an ancient Greek word 'geometron'. The word 'geo' means 'Earth' and 'metron' means 'measurement'. The study of geometry is extremely ancient and has been carried on for many thousands of years, across all civilizations – Egypt, Babylonia, India, China, Greece, the Incas, etc.
Different types of angles
Properties of triangle
Pythagoras theorem
Congruence of triangles
Construction of triangles
Different types Angles
In geometry, there are various types of angles, based on measurement. The names of basic angles are Acute angle, Obtuse angle, Right angle, Straight angle, reflex angle and full rotation. An angle is geometrical shape formed by joining two rays at their end-points. An angle is usually measured in degrees.
Properties of Triangles
Triangle Properties
The properties of the triangle are:
The sum of all the angles of a triangle (of all types) is equal to 180°.
The sum of the length of the two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
In the same way, the difference between the two sides of a triangle is less than the length of the third side.
The side opposite the greater angle is the longest side of all the three sides of a triangle.
The exterior angle of a triangle is always equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles. This property of a triangle is called an exterior angle property.
Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding angles of both triangles are congruent and the lengths of their sides are proportional.
Area of a triangle = ½ × Base × Height
The perimeter of a triangle = sum of all its three sides
Pythagoras Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is a statement about triangles containing a right angle. The Pythagorean Theorem states that:
"The area of the square built upon the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares upon the remaining sides."
Congruence of Triangles
The triangles that have equal corresponding angles and equal corresponding sides are called the congruent triangles.
The congruence of any two triangles is determined by checking the following two geometrical factors.
The equality of corresponding sides of the triangles.
The equality of corresponding angles of the triangles.
MATHS PROJECT ON GEOMETRICAL ANGLES
Applications of Geometry in Daily Life
Geometry is used in various daily life applications such as art, architecture, engineering, robotics, astronomy, sculptures, space, nature, sports, machines, cars, and much more
Maths Project
Commercial Mathematics
Ratio & Proportions
The term Ratio has an important role in the world. The right things in the right ratios give better results. Like a proper ratio of ingredients makes a dish delicious. "The ratio is defined as "the relationship between 2 numbers that defines the quantity of the 1st in comparison to the second.
The proportion is an equation that shows that 2 ratios are equivalent.
Percentages
What is the percentage?
The word percent is derived from the latin word Percentum which means per hundred.
Percentages are numerators of fractions with denominator as 100 . The percentage is denoted by the symbol "%" i.e. 1 percent which means 1 out of hundred , can be written as 1%=1/100=0.01
SIMPLE INTEREST
Interest is a fee paid for borrowing money or other assets and also it can be interest paid on your investment like FDs. •Simple Interest (S.I.) is the method of calculating the interest amount for a particular principal amount of money at some rate of interest. For example, when a person takes a loan of Rs. 5000, at a rate of 10 p.a. for two years, the person's interest for two years will be S.I. on the borrowed money.
It is calculated using the formula :
Interest = Principal X Rate X Time
100
I =PRT/100
Principal (P) = The initial amount you borrowed
Rate (R) = The interest rate (as a percentage)
Time(T)= How many years the loan is for.
The total amount you will pay back is:
Total amount = principal + interest
MY MATHS ADDITIONAL WORK
The relationship between parallel lines
Papercutting & Folding activities on traiangles
What if Geometry did not exist
THE SIMPLE LINEAR EQUATION
What is a Simple Linear Equation?
An equation that involves only one variable whose highest power is 1 is known as a linear equation in that variable.
For example:
(a) x + 4 = 19
(b) y - 7 = 11
Solution of linear equation or Root of the linear equation: The value of the variable which makes the left-hand side equal to the right-hand side in the given equation is called the solution or the root of the equation.
When solving an equation you may:
• Add or subtract the same quantity to/from each side
• Multiply or divide both sides by the same quantity
• Apply other operations to the whole of both sides, e.g. square root both sides
Doing exactly the same to both sides preserves the balance in the original equation
Maths-Key Takeaways
As an Inquirer in Mathematics to probe diverse topics and decipher the additional meaning.
Knowledgeable
I have gained my knowledge in Numerical operations,Percentages, Simple interest, angles, Triangles and related concepts in Geometry and geometry uses in real life scenarios.
Also, I have learnt the concept of probability and statistics
Developed procedures, concepts and skills to solve familiar and unfamiliar problems using Algebraic Expression & Simple Linear Equation
THINKER
By understanding statistical concepts like Mean, Median, and mode and plotting graphs like histograms, I've been able to understand what is data? how to represent and comprehend data based on statistical methods.
RISK-TAKER
Now, I can understand why representing data in visual format is important and I am trying to understand the analysis of data for e.g how they are projecting the data of vaccinated persons in the Country .
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform
Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The scientific methodology includes the following: Evidence. Experiment and/or observation as benchmarks for testing hypotheses.
Why and how we should learn Science?
Science helps our understanding of the world around us. Everything we know about the universe, from how trees reproduce to what an atom is made up of, is the result of scientific research and experiment. Human progress throughout history has largely rested on advances in science.
Essentially, Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization. This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance to enjoy these results, which make our lives more relaxed and pleasurable.
The Interconnection between Branches of Science
In a very basic and broad sense, Physics is applied Maths, chemistry is applied Physics, and Biology is applied chemistry. In real life, they are all interconnected.
For example, light (studied in Physics) is the energy source behind the (Chemical) process of photosynthesis, or food production, in plants (studied in Biology)
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is central in the drive of global sustainable economic development.
Chemistry can be used to find a solution to problems of everyday activities in science, industry, technology, government, educational sector & economics.
Industries that cannot do without chemistry include Cosmetics, Brewery, Chemicals, textile & Food industries.
Learning chemistry will enhance career opportunities and also helps to become a responsible citizen as we will come to know the pros & cons of using excessive chemicals.
METALS & NON METALS
A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat fairly well. Metals are typically malleable or ductile.
A nonmetal is a type of chemical element generally characterized by low density, low strength, and a tendency when they react to form acidic compounds.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS & NONMETALS
ALLOYS WE USE IN OUR DAILY LIFE
ACIDS & BASES
When we hear the word acid we imagine something dangerous that burns or erodes a surface. That is true.
An acid is something that has an excess of H+ ions.
It comes from the Latin word acidus which means "sharp" or "sour."
Bases:a solution that has an excess of OH- ions. another word for a base is an alkali.
Examples of Acids are HCL- Hydro Chloric, H2SO4 SULPHURIC ACID, HNO3 Nitric Acid
Examples of Bases are NaOH -Sodium Hydroxide, KOH - Potassium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
Acids & bases are not only present in Labs but also in our homes too.
PROPERTIES , pH & Neutralization
Properties of Acids & Properties of Bases
Properties of Acids
Acids are corrosive in nature
Acids are good conductors of electricity
Their PH values are always 7
When reacted with metals, these substances produce hydrogen gas
Acids are sour-tasting substances
Properties of Bases
They are found to have a soapy nature
These substances release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
In aqueous solutions, bases act as a good conductor of electricity
Their PH values are always greater than 7
They are bitter tasting substances that have the ability to turn red litmus paper blue
pH
The term "pH" was first described by Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen in 1909. pH is an abbreviation for "power of hydrogen" where "p" is short for the German word for power, potenz and H is the element symbol for hydrogen. The H is capitalized because it is standard to capitalize element symbols.
Neutralization Reaction
What is a Neutralization Reaction?
A neutralization reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form salt and water as products.
In a neutralization reaction, there is a combination of H+ ions and OH– ions which form water.
A neutralization reaction is generally an acid-base neutralization reaction.
MY JOURNAL WORK
CHEMISTRY
TURMERIC INDICATOR TEST -CHEMISTRY
MY LEARNINGS - CHEMISTRY
Inquirers-By studying the discussed topics I've developed a natural curiosity and acquired necessary skills to conduct inquiry and did some experiments on Metals -non Metals & Acids-bases
Thinkers-I started taking initiative in learning how to apply scientific knowledge in my daily life and start to understand the implementation of scientific principles in our daily lives. For e.g . how alloys are being used in our daily life & usage of acids and bases at our homes.
Reflective- Now I understand by thinking about and asking myself questions about the things I learn and do and try to do more experiments.
How Physics has changed and change the world in the next 100 years and aspirations for the future
LIGHT
Light, or Visible Light, commonly refers to electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye which does not need a medium to travel.
LUMNIOUS & NON LUMNIOUS
Luminous objects are those objects that generate light like Sun torch light and tube light
Illuminated objects are those objects that reflect light like Moon which reflects the sunlight the furniture in your
classroom or home
Properties of Light
Reflection of light: Every light follows the law of reflection which states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Refraction of light: Refraction of light takes place when the light ray changes its velocity it passes from one medium to another. Index of refraction is used as a means to measure how much light refracts.
Laws of Reflections
1. Angle Incidence is always equlal to the angle of reflection
2. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane.
If a light wave passes from a medium in which it travels slow (relatively speaking) into a medium in which it travels fast, then the light wave would refract away from the normal. In such a case, the refracted ray will be farther from the normal line than the incident ray; this is the SFA (SLOW TO FAST AWAY ) rule of refraction.
If a light wave passes from a medium in which it travels fast (relatively speaking) into a medium in which it travels slow, then the light wave will refract towards the normal. In such a case, the refracted ray will be closer to the normal line than the incident ray is; this is the FST (FAST TO SLOW TOWARD) rule of refraction.
Mirrors
The mirror is defined as a shiny glass object, with a silvery coating at its back, which reflects light and results in the formation of an image of the object, which is in front of it.
A traditional Lens is essentially a curved piece of glass that bends light through a process known as "refraction"
TYPES OF MIRRORS
1. Plane Mirror:-
A mirror with a flat surface
2. Spherical Mirror
( Convex & Concave)
A convex mirror is a mirror in which the reflection takes place from the curved surface in search mirror the innocent is painted and the outer one is polished which reflects the images it produces erect and virtual images when an object is placed in front.
A concave mirror is one in which the reflecting surface is called in words and its faces towards the centre of the sphere it is a converging mirror.
Types of Lenses
Convex lens the surface of a convex lens is curved outwards from the centre which converges the rays of light Binocular sand telescope magnifier use this type of lens
Concave lens concave has a surface that bulges inward towards the centre and does it diverges the light beam it is mainly used by TV projectors
Refraction of Light
Multiple Mirror Images
THE SOUND
Sound oral connect the world so it is very important as we use sound to talk listen and do many other things. Like light, the sound is also an essential thing in a life".
Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids including topics such as vibration sound infrasound and ultrasound.
The Sound Waves
Sound waves in air (and any fluid medium) are longitudinal waves because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves.
The Sound Properties
Frequency
Amplitude
Loudness & Pitch
Doppler's Effect
Resonance
Echo
Hear Hear ...
How do we Hear??
The ear consists of three major parts inner-outer and the middle ear each part of the ear serves a specific.
The outer ear serves to collect and channel sound to the middle ear.
Next, it goes to the eardrum a tiny piece of tightly stretched skin it vibrates like a real drum.
And then it shakes three tiny bones called ossicles - the Anvil, Hammer & the stirrup but wait it's not over yet.
There is another organ called the cochlea which is filled with liquid and hair-like structures that help to convert the wave into liquid waves and then send nerve impulses to the brain.
This is how we are able to hear the sound.
Sound of Music
Acoustic instruments generate music sound physically and electronic instruments create sound electronically.
4 groups of acoustic music:
Percussion
Wind
Stringed
Keyboard
In 1877, Thomas Edison made the first-ever sound recording and he recited "Mary had a little lamb"
MY PHYSICS JOURNAL WORK
LESSONS LEARNED
Inquirers-
By studying the discussed Physics concepts I developed an interest in conducting Light and sound experiments and I've done the experiments using things at home.
Thinkers
I started to apply acquired knowledge in my daily life and start to understand the Light & Sound principles in our daily lives. E.g. How an OLED TV screen works & How light is being converted to Data in Optical Fiber Cable providing BroadBand Intenet access.
Biology
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, composed of many specialized disciplines that study the structure, function, growth, distribution, evolution, or other features of living organisms.
Levels of Organization
Population
Habitat
Symbiosis-Mutualism, Commensalism & Parasitism
SYMBIOSIS
Population
Habitat
Symbiosis-Mutualism, Commensalism & Parasitism
Biomes
A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a particular place and form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the biome
ADAPTING TO LIFE ON LAND
ORIGINS OF PLANTS
ADAPTATIONS IN PLANTS
BASIC PLANT ORGANS
WHAT IS A SEED?
Roots, Stems & Leaves
Parts o f Flowers
MY BIOLOGY JOURNAL WORK
My Biology Key Learnings
As I was reading about Biology concepts I gained knowledge about how the environment is organized, what are the levels of the organization? what is a Biome ? and How plants started evolving
SOCIAL STUDIES
A curriculum concerned with the study of social relationships and the functioning of society and usually made up of courses in history, government, economics, civics, sociology, geography, and anthropology.
HOW WIND BECOMES ELECRICITY
Wind energy is a source of renewable energy. It does not contaminate, it is inexhaustible and reduces the use of fossil fuels, which are the origin of greenhouse gasses that cause global warming.
How does a Windmill work?
Wind turbines have to face in the right direction in order to capture the wind efficiently. So, on top of each one, there is an instrument called an anemometer. It measures the speed and direction of the wind and lets every turbine in the wind farm pivot independently to its neighbors in order to harness as much energy as possible.
Wind turbines are purpose-built to turn moving currents of wind into electricity. To do this, they use a process called electromagnetic induction. While it sounds technical, the process is straightforward: Each turbine contains two very important parts, a rotating ring of magnets and another ring of stationary copper plates. When the wind rotates the turbine’s blades, the magnets are rotated around the copper plates. This causes electrons to flow through them — which is what creates the electricity
The Future of Energy
Moving into the future, our use of renewable energy will play a big part in this. But the natural world gives us many more ways to generate renewable energy than just wind. Solar power, from sunlight, is also clean and completely limitless, while the rising and falling tides, powerful currents and crashing waves of the ocean are what give us hydroelectric power. There is even energy underground: Geothermal power uses natural heat from deep-lying steam or water reservoirs to drive generators on the surface.
WINDMILL made with CARDBOARD and THERMOCOL
DEMOCRACY
Democracy originates from the Greek word ‘demokratia’ (demo meaning people and kratia meaning power).
A significant milestone in the development of democracy was a document called the Magna Carta which passed in 1215CE in England. It paved the way for the law-making body called the Parliament
The American Revolution in the 18th century, The French Revolution in 1789 marked a turning point in the journey of democracy. The revolution with its slogan liberty, equality, and fraternity was directed against the clergy and the nobles. It was a landmark in the history of democracy. It marked the end of absolute democracy and established the principle of self-government and strengthened the fact that people are supreme and laid the foundations of democratic government.
We are proud of India’s achievement in holding its first post-independence general election in 1952 under a system of the universal adult franchise that has long been hailed as a remarkable organizational as well as a political feat, and a vital affirmation of the national commitment to democracy.
UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE
One of the major features of democracy is the Right to Vote. The citizens exercise the Right
to Vote in a democracy to choose their representatives to form the government. These
elected representatives form the government and work for the people. The right to vote
was not give to all the people in the past. Only men and the influential people were
allowed to vote. The Suffragette movement in the 19 th and 20 th century ensured that
women also got the right to vote. However, in India all citizens above the age of 18
irrespective of their caste creed religion and gender are given the right to vote. This is
called the Universal Adult Franchise. In India universal adult franchise is based on the
concept of one man one vote.
The Importance of Election Commission
The Constitution of India has established a permanent and independent body to ensure free and fair elections in the country known as the Election Commission.
Election Commission of India with the power of direction, superintendence, and control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of president of India, and the office of vice-president of India.
The Election Commission is an all-India body that is common to both the Central government and the State governments. It must be noted here that the commission does not deal with the elections to the Municipalities and Panchayats in the states. Hence, a separate State Election Commission is provided by the Constitution of India.
ROLE OF MEDIA
The media plays a very important role in providing news and discussing events taking place in the country and the world. Thus, it is an essential part of a democratic country. Media helps citizens in analyzing the work that the government does. Based on it, citizens can take action.
The writing of a balanced report depends on the independent media.
An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news.
No one will impress upon the contents to be included and what should not be included in a news story.
An independent media is important in a democracy.
Independent media has reliable and unbiased information.
ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society uses its limited resources. It examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants."
Economic analysis advances through analytical procedures, like mathematical logic, where the conjectures of different human activities are envisaged in a ‘means-ends’ structure.
SECTORS OF ECONOMY
They are three sectors in the Indian economy, they are; primary economy, secondary economy, and tertiary economy. In terms of operations, the Indian economy is divided into organized and unorganized. While for ownership, it is divided into the public sector and the private sector.
Economic Agents
There are four major types of economic agents
-Consumers
-Businesses or firms
-Government
-Central bank
SOCIAL STUDIES RECAP
This year in Social Studies I've learned about Rivers of India, Migration, and How Wind Become Energy and it was really exciting to learn through Google Earth.
Also, I've grasped good knowledge on Democracy, how a democratic Government is formed, the voting process.
In Economics, I've learned about Economic and non-economic activities, Economic agents, Sectors of economy
BIG HISTORY
Pioneered by historian David Christian in 1989, Big History places human existence in the wider context of the universe's history. It examines long time frames and takes an interdisciplinary approach to answering the great questions about our universe, our planet, life, and humanity.
SOLAR SYSTEM & EARTH
The Sun was formed from the wreckage of previous dead stars, and that it contains elements other than just hydrogen and helium — heavier elements that are forged in the bellies of stars. And some of which are like flung out by supernovae.
The heat from the sun-blasted lots of gassy materials away from the inner regions of the solar system, encompassing Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, further out in the vicinity of where Jupiter is now
That's why the inner planets like us are rocky, and the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are all these humongous gas giants
OUR HOME
Though Earth was neatly orbiting the Sun as a rocky mass four and a half billion years ago, no organism could survive there.
Early microbes, in their struggle for life, clashed with and consumed hydrogen gas. Hundreds of millions of years passed. These microbes evolved into prokaryotes and adapted further, finding energy in sunlight. Then, in a process called photosynthesis, they flooded the atmosphere with oxygen.
The rise of oxygen formed a protective layer around the Earth and also helped cool the Earth, eventually encasing the planet with ice in a series of "Snowball Earths" 2.4 to 2.2 billion years ago. Some life forms survived, some proliferated, pushing oxygen levels higher. This enabled a greater diversity of life.
How Continents formed?A meteorologist named Alfred Wegener. He regarded the Earth as fundamentally dynamic. He believed the great continent, eventually named Pangaea, had broken apart due to continental drifting.
But later Hess's theory in the 1960s — it was discovered that rocks closest to the rift are newer than those farther away. The Earth's crust was now shown to be growing and spreading apart along the rift.
SOCIAL JOURNAL WORK
MY LANGUAGES
భాషా పరిజ్ఞానం
ఈ సంవత్సరం నేను తెలుగులో చాలా కొత్త కొత్త విషయాలను నేర్చుకున్నాను . నేను చిత్ర,వాస్తు,కార్యక్రమ ,స్థల మొదలైన వర్ణనలు నేర్చుకున్నాను. ఇంకా రెసిపీ రైటింగ్,అసమాపక సమాపక క్రియలు,ద్విగు మరియు ద్వంద్వ సమాసాలు,కాలాలు ( భూత ,వర్తమాన,భవిష్యత్ ) పరుషలు(ఉత్తమ,మధ్యమ,ప్రధమ) మొదలైనవి నేర్చుకున్నాను.
మా రచనా పాటవం మరియు ప్రసంగ నైపుణ్యాలను మెరుగు పరచటానికి మా గురువుగారు మాకు ప్రసంగం, పఠన పరీక్షలు పెట్టేవారు. మాకు పంచతంత్రం,ఆదర్శ బాల్యము లాంటి పుస్తకాలు ఇవ్వడంతో మాకు తెలుగు బాషా మీద పఠనావగాహన చాలా బాగా పెరిగింది. కింద యున్నవి నా జర్నల్ లో నేను వ్రాసినవి.
అంతరంగమందు నపరాధములు చేసి
మంచి వానివలెనె మనుజుడుండు
ఇతరులెఱుగకున్న నీశ్వరుడెఱుగడా?
విశ్వదాభిరామ వినురవేమ.
తెలుగు జర్నల్ వర్క్
J'apprends le français
MY ACCOMPLISHMENTS
A WORD OF APPRECIATION FROM MERITORIOUS TEACHERS
Students of any age will feel so good about themselves when they read positive comments written right on their assignments. Seeing positive words will also give students the motivation to keep working hard because they know their efforts are being recognized. Positive and meaningful praise will also help students form a close bond with their teacher, which encourages children to work hard and learn a lot.
WINNING II BIG AWARDS
AT
NATIONAL LEVEL
I am thrilled to share about my recognition at National level events in this academic year and I've won the awadrs:
BEST PANLLEIST AWARD at Indian Principals Network (IPN) YUVA CONCLAVE 2021(India’s leading Knowledge Network of School Leaders)
BEST Ist TIMER @Concord Collective MUN (MODEL UNITED NATIONS)
THANK YOU
I would like to begin by recognizing our respected teachers, Administrative staff, School Management, fellow acorns, and my parents for their help and support in successfully completing my graduation from Grade 7th to Grade 8th during these tough times.
Today I can confidently say that I’ve gained a wealth of knowledge that will help me to be more confident in the coming academic years. Studying at Silver Oaks has been a fantastic learning experience, and I am thankful for the skills I've acquired. I feel as if being here with you all each day has made me a complete and more well-rounded person.
I've learned how to take direction, criticism, and compliments. These are three things I wasn't so great at taking before, and now I feel as though I can apply that in many different situations.
I've also learned to be open-minded, to value my teacher’s and my fellow acorn’s opinions and to consider other ideas along with mine, to end up with a great final result and with all this background I could able to present my learnings and acquired knowledge through this Project Graduation website.
As quoted by Bertrand Russell - “War does not determine who is right, only who is left.” I am mentioning this quote as I sincerely wish that the war which broke out between Russia and Ukraine should end very soon and let peace prevail.
Wishing you all the very best and have safe & wonderful holidays.
Srimayi Oruganti
8 GRADE INS MAGAR
In the beginning of the academic year 2022-2023, we were all excited about coming back to our school's campus and began this new academic year with an even stronger sense of purpose and unity, forged by the experiences of the past years. Whatever the pandemic has thrown at us, it has also brought us together in new ways, strengthened our relationships, and united us in the mission to expand the horizons.
Today, I am here to share my learnings, accomplishments & feedback from grade 8 . I always look for ways to improve my skills & knowledge and I would like to request all to provide your valuable feedback at end of of my presentation .
SOCIAL SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS
SCIENCES
LANGUAGES
SELF-ORGANIZING LEARNING SYSTEMS
SPEAKER @ SILVEROAKS
EMOTIONAL INTEELIGENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
HERITAGE OF HYDERABAD
FINANCIAL EDUCATION
BIG HISTORY PROJECT
DYNASTIES OF TELANGANA
Sathavahanaas 230 BCE - 220 CE
( Buddhism and the arts)
Chalukyas 543 CE - 757 CE
(Kalyani Chalukya style of architecture)
Kakatiyas 1083 CE - 1323 CE
(Military prowess and cultural achievements)
Tuglaqhs 1320 CE - 1413 CE
( token currency system and the creation of new administrative divisions)
Bahmanis 1347 CE -1527 CE)
(patronage of architecture, including the construction of several mosques)
Qutubshahis 1518 CE - 1687 CE
(architectural achievements, such as the construction of the Charminar in Hyderabad.)
Asaf Jahi 1724 CE - 1948 CE
(arts, architecture, and education)
KAKATIYA DYNASTY
The Kakatiya dynasty ruled the region comprising present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh during the 12th and 14th centuries. Their capital was Warangal in Telangana.
The water tanks constructed during the Kakatiya rule are used even today. The TRS government has revived the tanks under its 'Mission Kakatiya' scheme.
The distinct style of Kakatiya-era architecture is seen in the Thousand Pillar Temple and Ramappa Temple near Warangal which is recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Site
Sultan Mohammad bin Tugluq defeated Prataparudra, the king of the Kakatiya dynasty, in 1323 AD. Prataparudra was killed in the battle. With his demise, the Kakatiya dynasty fell
History of Hyderabad
Hyderabad was founded by the Quṭb Shāhī sultans of Golconda, under whom the kingdom of Golconda attained a position of importance second only to that of the Mughal Empire to the north. The old fortress town of Golconda had proved inadequate as the kingdom’s capital, and so about 1591 Muḥammad Qulī Quṭb Shah, the fifth of the Quṭb Shahs, built a new city called Hyderabad on the east bank of the Musi River, a short distance from old Golconda
Hyderabad cuisine & culture
The Hyderabadi Biryani
Lip smacking Haleem
Pearls & Precious Stones
Rich, creamy & Sweet aromatic Irani Chai
Educational Trip
As part of an educational trip to the heritage sites of Hyderabad we've visited:
Golconda Fort, Hyderabad-A massive fortress whose ruins stand proudly even today displaying the glory of its rich past and some untold sagas of the city's history.
Chowmahalla Palace- Once the seat of the AsafJahi Dynasty, the Chowmahalla Palace was built in Hyderabad and is located near the famous monument.
Charminar- The monument was erected when QuliQutab Shah shifted his capital from Golconda to Hyderabad. The monument got its name from its structure as it consists of four minarets.
Purani Haveli- One of the significant historical places in Hyderabad's golden era is today known for its remarkable exhibits of artwork and talent. It is a beautiful structure comprising great surprises for history lovers.
Chowmahalla Palace
The Chowmahalla Palace takes you on a beautiful ride into the Asaf Jahi dynasty popularly known as the Nizams and the official residence of the Nizams of Hyderabad while they ruled Hyderabad.
On 15 March 2010, the UNESCO Asia Pacific Merit award for cultural heritage conservation was presented to the Chowmahalla Palace.
Chowmahalla Palace is one of the most beautiful architectural sites in Hyderabad. The palace reflects various styles such as Persian, European, Indo-Saracenic, and Rajasthani into its architecture.
Mir Mohammad Azmat Ali Khan, popularly known as Azmet Jha was crowned as successor to Mukarram Jah, the last Nizam of Hyderabad, who died on January 12, 2023,
Financial Education
Financial prudence
Basically means planning well in advance and investing in areas where you can expect high returns. It also means having complete knowledge about the money you have and how you can make it grow best
Financial literacy means :
Knowing about Debt
How to save money out of your income?
How to invest to grow your wealth?
How and why to take Loans?
Benefits of Financial Success
● Building wealth
● Protecting oneself in case of emergencies
● Achieving goals
● Securing one’s family future
● Retirement planning
● Lead a stress-free life
1 lakh - 3 months
Budget plan
Here is a simple budget plan for a three-month period with Rs. 100,000:
Savings: Set aside 30% (Rs. 30,000) for emergency savings.
Living expenses: Allocate 50% (Rs. 50,000) for living expenses such as rent, utilities, food, and transportation.
Investment: Put 10% (Rs. 10,000) in a low-risk investment such as a savings account or a fixed deposit.
Personal spending: Use the remaining 10% (Rs. 10,000) for personal spending like entertainment or buying new things.
It is important to stick to the budget and review it regularly to make sure you are on track. This budget is just a guideline and can be adjusted based on individual needs and circumstances.
UNION BUDGET 2023-2024
The Union Budget of India for 2023 is an annual financial statement presented by the government of India, its revenue, and expenditure for the financial year. The budget is typically presented by the Finance Minister of India in the parliament in the month of February and outlines the government's plan for revenue collection and spending for the upcoming fiscal year. The budget covers various sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure, education, health, and defense among others, and provides a comprehensive picture of the government's priorities and financial situation.
How Rupee comes in
&
Goes out
A visual breakdown of India's 2023 Union Budget, ₹45 lakh crores (~$550 billion).
India will spend 24% of its Union Budget in Interest payments. And, 9% will be spent on Salaries and Pensions.
52% of budget is expected to be funded by Taxes. And, 43% of the budget is met by borrowings via loans.
Central govt expects to collect 33.6 lakh crores in taxes. Majority of it would come from 3 sources
• 9.6 lakh crores: Goods & Services Tax
• 9.2 lakh crores: Corporate Tax
• 9.0 lakh crores: Income Tax
₹1 lakh crores = $12.3 bn
Budget Allocations
Union Budget allocations for different sectors
Budget Allocations
Union Budget allocations for different sectors
Budget Allocations
Union Budget allocations for different sectors
Union Budget 2023-2024 Tax reforms
Income tax slabs under the new tax regime.
1) Basic exemption limit is hiked from Rs 2.5 lakh to Rs 3 lakh.
2) Rebate under section 87A has been hiked from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 7 lakh.
(Citizens can save considerable amount which they can put in some investments for better returns).
3) The Goods and Services Tax (GST) on sale of electric vehicles was reduced from 12% to 5%.
( This is under Green Growth initiative a strong push towards clean mobility is crucial and here EVs provide a shimmering ray of hope. They eliminate tailpipe emissions, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, improve community health, safeguard energy security, which in turn will help to meet UN SDG goals
The Halwa Ceremony
Held some days before the Budget is to be presented, The Halwa Ceremony involves the Finance Minister stirring a large pan of the halwa, and the sweet then, being distributed to ministry officials and staff members.
The ceremony marks the beginning of the budget ‘lock-in’ period. After the halwa is served, officials and support staff directly associated with the Budget process – its preparation and printing — stay in the North Block, cut off from everyone, including their families, till the Budget is presented. This is done to maintain the secrecy of the Union Budget.
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BIG HISTORY PROJECT - Collective Learning
Unit 6.2 in the Big History Project covers the theme of Collective Learning in human history. It explores the ways in which human beings have come together to share and build knowledge over time. This unit focuses on how institutions such as schools, universities, libraries, and religious organizations have helped facilitate collective learning, as well as the role of less formal mechanisms such as cultural traditions, storytelling, and informal networks. Additionally, Unit 6.2 looks at the impact of collective learning on human society and the advancement of civilization. The unit examines how collective learning has enabled communities to build on the knowledge and experiences of previous generations to create new forms of social, economic, and technological development.
BIG HISTORY PROJECT -Agriculture & Complex Societies
Unit 7 is the emergence of agriculture and agricultural societies from about 11,000 years ago, and it introduces what we can call the Agrarian era of human history, the second of three major eras of human history. Agriculture marked a fundamental change in human history because it accelerated the pace of change. It allowed population growth—the emergence of larger, denser, and eventually more complex societies, including the great agrarian civilizations.
Mathematics
Numerical Operations
Probability and Statistics
Patterns and Functions
Geometry
Profit % & Loss %
Profit percent and loss percent are two important concepts in commercial mathematics that are used to calculate the profitability of business transaction
Profit percent (or profit margin) is calculated as follows:
Profit (gain)percent = (Profit / Cost Price) * 100
Where profit is the amount by which the selling price exceeds the cost price and cost price is the amount it costs to produce or acquire a product. A higher profit percent means a higher level of profitability.
Loss percent (or loss margin) is calculated as follows:
Loss percent = (Loss / Cost Price) * 100
Compound Interest
Savings Accounts: Many banks offer savings accounts that pay compound interest, where the interest earned is added to the account balance and then earns interest on itself in the next period.
Fixed Deposit (FDs): FDs are time deposits that pay a fixed rate of interest, which is compounded over a specified time period.
Retirement Accounts: Retirement accounts such as EPF and Pension plans offer Compound interest.
Investment portfolios: Investment portfolios may include stocks, Mutual funds, and other investment instruments that pay compound interest, allowing the portfolio value to grow over time.
These are just a few examples of how compound interest can play a role in different areas of personal finance.
Inverse Variation
Inverse variation states that whenever the product of corresponding values of two quantities is a constant, then one quantity varies inversely as the other. It is an equation stating that the product of two variables equals a constant. In symbols, xy = k or y = k/x. It means that y is inversely proportional to x, or x is inversely proportional to y.
PROBABILITY
Probability is a branch of mathematics that deals with the likelihood or chance of events occurring. It is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 represents an impossible event and 1 represents a certain event. The probability of an event is calculated as the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. In other words, it is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring, given all the possible outcomes. The concept of probability is used in many real-world applications, such as in finance, medicine, and weather forecasting, among others.
ESTIMATING
Estimation in mathematics is the process of finding an approximate value for a quantity, based on available information. The goal of estimation is to find a value that is close to the actual value but is simpler or easier to calculate. Estimation is used in a variety of mathematical contexts, such as finding the value of irrational numbers, solving problems involving large numbers, or determining the answer to a complex calculation.
Priya estimated there were 30 students in class by counting one row and multiplying by the rest of the rows.
Patterns and functions
A pattern is a regularity in the world, in human-made design, or in abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modeled mathematically. Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, and stripes.
Understanding Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides and four vertices. Some common types of quadrilaterals are squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombi, and trapezoids. In geometry, various properties and relationships can be studied, such as side lengths, angle measures, and diagonals. The sum of the interior angles in a quadrilateral is 360 degrees.
The Future Entrepreneur
A paper bag business is one of the best small scale business ideas that can be started with less investment and gain reasonable profit. The ROI in this business is decent and can provide a decent source of income for those who are living in rural areas and towns.
What materials are required?
There are four major elements required for manufacturing Paper Bags
Machinery
Location
Raw Material
Workers
Materials required :
Kraft paper rolls
cardboard paper
Coated paper
Offset paper (used for labeling and designing)
Industrial Grade Adhesive (Glue) water-based adhesive or hot melt adhesive
Eyelets (Brass, Aluminium, Plastic) Metal/Plastic
Paper lace
In Hyderabad, we have whole sellers who are supplying these raw materials.
Haritham Paper Bags
The global paper bag market is expected to grow at 4.3%
Growth in retail business such as restaurants, super markets and shopping malls is creating huge business opportunity for paper bags everyday
Paper bags with less than 2 ply thickness are the most demanding for their light weight, economical price and versatile usage.
We need to invest (Estimation) - Rs 4,88,000.
Rs6,50,000 is required to borrow from the bank.
Rs 7,47,500 we would be paying back to the bank at the end of the time period 3 years.
I preferred Canara Bank ,because interest rate is 15 % as I would be paying Rs 97500 per year and for 3 years I would be paying
Rs 9,88,569.
If the time period is varied for 4years I am paying 4 years Rs 11,36,854.
Haritham Paper Bags
As it is eco friendly product I selected Green as my theme and dress code of the workers would be white & Green color to represent colors of nature. For tiles and flooring opted for Black Square shaped granite as they are long lasting and it would be easy to maintain.
Logo is rectangular and packing boxes will be in cube boxes.
The expenses : Cost of the raw materials, cost packing materials, transport, advertising, wages of workers, rent for the building, current, water, machinery, monthly interest to be paid
to the bank, etc., additionally we need to plan for getting profit for ourselves.
Paper bag industry details Part -1
The ban of single usage plastic is one of the major driving factors that had created a huge demand for Paper bags. Several businesses were now using paper bags as an alternative option for packing their products as well as for transportation purposes.
Here’s the list of Profitable Businesses where Paper Bags have high demand
Restaurants
Pharmacy
Retail stores
Gift and noveality shops
Shopping Malls
Jewellery stores
Paper Bag Manufacturing Part-2
The profit & Cost estimation
Pie Chart For Profit in 6 months
Haritham Paper Bags
The paper bag cost is Rs 4.
we are manufacturing Rs1,50,000 paper bags per month.
Initially we've recruited 2 employees for paper bag manufacturing , to manufacture more varieties of bags we need to add 2 more employees .
If we are able to sell all the bags then we will get profit around Rs 7,96,500 per year.
Physics
How the world of physics works??
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them. It seeks to explain how things work and make predictions about the behavior of the natural world. Physics is based on a few key concepts, such as Newton's laws of motion, Einstein's theory of relativity, and quantum mechanics. These theories are used to understand the behavior of objects on a small scale, such as subatomic particles, as well as the behavior of objects on a large scale, such as stars and galaxies. Physicists use experiments and mathematical models to test their ideas and make new discoveries.
Physics II
How the knowledge of physics helped and changed the world in the past and how it will change the world in the next 100 years.?
In the next 100 years, physics is expected to continue to drive technological innovation and shape our world in ways that are difficult to predict. Some areas of physics that are likely to have a major impact include quantum computing, which could revolutionize the way we process information, and renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, which will be essential for addressing the challenges of climate change.
Additionally, ongoing research in areas such as particle physics and cosmology could lead to new insights into the nature of the universe and our place within it. The study of physics will continue to provide a better understanding of the world and help solve some of the most pressing challenges that are being faced by our society.
Chemistry
How has your knowledge and understanding of chemistry as a branch of science helped you as an individual and as a member of society?
A deeper understanding of chemistry can inform individuals and society in making informed decisions about issues such as environmental protection and the use of chemicals in products and processes.
It helped me to gain insights into the new problems that we face like microplastics and the potential effects of the different chemicals that we are exposed in daily life like Perfumes, surface cleaners etc.
Regarding using Nuclear energy, Chemistry places a vital role in providing Atomic energy which in turn reduces the use of Thermal energy but still cautions us on it's usability in Nuclear Weapons.
Chemistry II
Chemistry is an important branch of science
Chemistry is a fundamental branch of science that has a significant impact on our daily lives and the world we live in. We will explore why studying chemistry is essential and how it can benefit individuals and society.
One of the primary reasons to study chemistry is its role in providing a better understanding of the world around us. Chemistry helps us understand how matter is composed and how different substances interact with each other. This knowledge is crucial in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
Advancements in chemical research have led to the development of new products, materials, and processes that have transformed our lives. For example, advances in chemical synthesis have led to the creation of new medicines and treatments for diseases for e.g. vaccine for Covid 19 was created within an year , while innovations in materials science have led to the development of stronger, lighter, and more durable materials. for e.g. The graphene aerogel world's lightest material
In addition, studying chemistry can have personal benefits for individuals. Understanding the chemical properties of substances can help individuals make informed decisions about the products they use, such as personal care products, food, and medicine. Knowledge of chemistry can also provide a deeper appreciation for the world and enhance problem-solving skills.
In conclusion, the importance of chemistry cannot be overstated. Studying chemistry provides individuals with a valuable foundation for a wide range of careers and can lead to a deeper appreciation for the world around us. Therefore, it is essential that we encourage the study of chemistry and recognize its importance in shaping our future.
Biology
Thematic organization encourages a systems approach to understanding biology, where individuals can see how different biological systems interact and how they contribute to the overall functioning of an organism.
How the world works inside out
As we say we know a person from inside out , this year i got to know about science from the inside out. We had senses as one of our topic. In spite of just knowing what they are we deeply dived into the how each of our sense works. If we take touch we learned about
the different types of layers of the skin, receptors of the skin , glands inside the skin.
In Sense of hearing this year I learned how our sense of hearing works at a macro level. I learned how sound vibrations travel through the ear get transformed to neurons by the cochlea.
SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY
We also learned about the different systems in our body
Like digestive, circulatory ,respiratory ,nervous, reproductive etc
different systems in our body.
THE CELL
Cells are the basic unit of life and are responsible for carrying out all of the functions required for an organism to survive. Cells are made up of several parts, each of which plays a specific role in the cell's overall function.
The different parts are Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi apparatus ,Lysosomes & Ribosomes
Virus
A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that replicates inside living cells of organisms. It is composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope made of lipids that surrounds the capsid.
There are two main ways that viruses can replicate: lytic and lysogenic cycles.
In the lytic cycle, a virus enters a host cell and immediately takes over the host's cellular machinery to produce new virus particles. The viral DNA or RNA is transcribed and translated to produce the viral proteins necessary for the assembly of new virus particles.
In contrast, in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA or RNA integrates into the host cell's genome, becoming a part of the host cell's DNA. The viral DNA is replicated along with the host cell's DNA and is passed on to daughter cells during cell division.
తెలుగు భాష
8 వ తరగతి లో తెలుగు భాషా పాఠ్యాంశాలను నేర్చుకునే క్రమం లో నేను ఏ ఏ అంశాలను తెలుసుకున్నానో ఇక్కడ వీడియో లో చూడవచ్చు.
ENGLISH
Inferential questions ,Summarize the passage, Factual questions
Descriptive writing , Grammar, Sentence negation, Contractions,
Prepositional phrases,Figurative language,Concrete and abstract nouns
Here is a summary on our English Novel The boy in the striped pyjamas
French
Here is brief summary of my learning in French
SELF-ORGANIZING LEARNING SYSTEMS
SPEAKER AT SILOVEROAKS
A regular program for honing the most essential skill of communication has groomed several young speakers for years.
This platform gives that extra mile to provide the young budding talented speakers to stimulate their oratory skills further.
Here is one such speech from my end
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to identify, understand, and manage one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. It involves being aware of and managing one's own feelings, being able to recognize emotions in others, and using this understanding to guide one's thoughts and actions.
We learnt about :
1. Being Resillient
2. Identify your Locus of Control
3. Conflict Management
4. Reach goal with Grit
5. Stress Management
6. Facing Bullying
7. POSCO Act
HARVARD MODEL UNITED NATIONS INDIA
Last year I had the privilage of participating in HARVARD MODEL UNITED NATIONS INDIA representing the country HAITI in WHO committee.
Under the " IMAPCT INITIATIVE" my idea "AUSHDHA SEVA" was in TOP 10 list and I presented my idea to eminent industry leaders Deepali Naair, Director - Digital Sales, IBM India & JAPAC
Ajay Arora, Vice President - Strategic Initiatives, Hero Industries.
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